Essay about Effects of Smoking Cigarettes - 1616 Words

The History of Tobacco In 3000 B.C the Ancient Egyptians burnt sweet herbs and frankincense when sacrificing to their gods. This was the beginning of smoking. Then in the beginning of the Christian era smoke was inhaled through the burning fur of a hare, the diagnoses for epilepsy was the inhalation of smoke from a goats horn and for consumption, smoke inhaled through a reed of dried dung of an ox. Somewhere in the United States was believed to be the birthplace of tobacco, a plant of the genus Nicotiana. How and when it was discovered is unknown (Huron Indian myth has it that in ancient times, when the land was barren and the people were starving, the Great Spirit sent forth a woman to save humanity. As she†¦show more content†¦Christopher Columbus landed on an island called Guanahani by its inhabitants and which he named San Salvador. The inhabitants told Columbus of a larger island and Columbus set sail. When he arrived at the island he saw the inhabitants walking around with a little lighted brand made from a kind of plant whose aroma it was their custom to inhale. That same day, Rodriguo de Jerez (one of Columbus? fellow explorers) took his first hesitant puff of the New Worlds early version of the cigar, its ring size estimated to be as big as a mans arm, and became the first European smoker in history. When Columbus and his crew returned home with some tobacco leaves, Rodrigo, whod taken to smoking a cigar every day, made the mistake of lighting up the unusual plant in public. The Spanish Inquisition - the world?s first victim of the anti-smokers, promptly threw him into prison for three years. In 1512 Portugal was the first country outside of the Americas to cultivate tobacco and by 1558 snuff was on sale in Lisbon. In approximately 1560 tobacco was introduced in Rome and in 1570 the tobacco plant was successfully grown in Germany and Switzerland and, as a medicinal herb, in Austria and Hungary. In approximately 1620 Japan banned smoking for the first time. Today, it hasShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Smoking Cigarettes On Society925 Words   |  4 PagesThe Effects of Smoking Cigarettes Society has been faced with many social struggles since the beginning of time. Smoking cigarettes is just one of those many social challenges. Individuals who smoke cigarettes increase the risk of developing health issues. Advertising has decreased over the years but the investment is with those that started when advertising was a big deal. Finally, the chemicals put into cigarettes are designed to increase a person’s cravings for cigarettes making it harder toRead MoreEffects Of Cigarette Smoking Essay711 Words   |  3 PagesIs cigarette smoke affecting the environment? Do people have problems from the smokers? Does cigarette smoking affect the public places? A lot of questions come to mind about cigarette smoking because cigarette smoking is a serious issue which should be discussed. Anyone can easily think about the health issues from cigarette smoking. Everyone knows that cigarette smoking is bad, and smoking hurts the human body in different ways either smoker or non-s moker. A lot of researches and studies showedRead More The Effects of Smoking Cigarettes Essay1427 Words   |  6 PagesThe Effects of Smoking Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Smoking cigarettes damage the body in a number of different ways. Over several years, the American Council on Science and Health and many others have documented the effects of smoking. Everyone knows that it is bad for you, but not many know how it affects the body. There are many myths about smoking, which mainly occur with all of the teens that are smoking. Most teens don’t know that the effects of smoking are mostly permanent. They think that theyRead MoreThe Effects Of Cigarette Smoking On The Environment920 Words   |  4 PagesCigarette smoking has affected the environment negatively, as well (Novotny). Discarded cigarette butts can be seen off the streets, sidewalks, beaches, or other open areas (Novotny). Even though a single discarded cigarette filter has minimal impact on the environment, United States had manufactured 1.35 trillion of filtered cigarettes in 2007 and 360 billion of them were consumed (Novotny). According to Ocean Conservancy†™s International Coastal Cleanup, these wastes are the most littered and collectedRead MoreThe Harmful Effects Of Smoking Cigarettes964 Words   |  4 PagesIt’s so addicting that many people cannot prevent themselves from smoking. The reason is because of a toxin called nicotine. Nicotine can be found in all tobacco products. Prior to research, researchers have found that nicotine changes the way the brain works, also when a person smokes tobacco they not only consume nicotine, but also over 600 chemicals including tar, ammonia, acetone, lead, methanol, and more (What s In a Cigarette?). Many of those chemicals are poisonous and at least 69 of themRead MoreThe History and Effects of Cigarette Smoking3787 Words   |  15 Pageswidespread habit. This text largely concerns itself with cigarette smoking. Some of the main issues that will be addressed include but they are not in any way limited to the history of smoking, the impact of smoking on the health of active smokers a nd passive smokers, how smoking affects the environment and the society and finally, how smoking can be discouraged so as to minimize the negative effects of the same. Smoking: A Concise History Cigarettes have over time become a rather familiar sight. InRead MoreEffect of Cigarette Smoking Essay2834 Words   |  12 Pageswith few grammatical and spelling errors, correctly referenced with Harvard reference style | | | | | | | General Comments 1st Marker Deborah Richardson 2nd Marker Introduction This presentation evaluates the impact of tobacco smoking in Nigeria with a proposed structured strategy based on theoretical approaches and public Health models to tackle this complex Health problem in a bid to improve and protect Health. Until recently, non communicable diseases still rank highestRead MoreCause and Effect on Smoking Cigarettes Essay884 Words   |  4 PagesSmoking is Unhealthy for Everyone Smoking cigarettes is hazardous to the body for many reasons, and it also affects not only human beings but our environment. Smoking cigarettes can be harmful to both the environment and humans because of the many chemicals and substances that produce this hazardous product. Smoking cigarettes reduces your ability to do things that require endurance, such as sports, and exercise. The tar in the cigarettes covers up alveoli, which help you breathe, which makesRead MoreThe Effects Of Cigarette Smoking On The Body And Others1320 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Cigarette smoking is one of the most common known causes of diseases. It has a negative effect on the body and others who are around the person smoking, but being able to quit can positively change a person’s health. Nicotine is one of the biggest component in a cigarette, it stimulates the central nervous system which then gives the smoker a pleasurable feeling. The cigarette’s stimulants make smoking very addictive, which causes smoking cessation challenging for a person. There areRead MoreSmoking Life Away: The Harmful Effects of Smoking Cigarettes1403 Words   |  6 PagesSmoking Life Away Smoke travels far. After the smoke is released, it diffuses and travels in the atmosphere reaching just about anything at a reasonable distance. When one smoker puffs out, it affects that person, somebody across from that person, and the clean air around that person. Ever wonder why warnings and disclaimers are always present with anything that concerns smoking? This is because it is dangerous, and it is harmful , and it should warn you about the lasting impact it leaves you

Macbeth Critique - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 477 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2019/02/20 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: Macbeth Essay Did you like this example? The play I chose to write my critique about is none other than Shakespeare’s shortest and most intense drama known as â€Å"Macbeth†. I personally never seen the play Macbeth but heard a lot about it throughout my high school. Shakespeare is a great playwright known for writing the very famous Romeo and Juliet and also for Macbeth. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Macbeth Critique" essay for you Create order Since I knew how great of a play Romeo and Juliet was, I knew Macbeth was going to be right up there with it. I watched Macbeth on youtube and what a play it was. I actually enjoyed it and that surprised me. It was a very well written play where a once loyal soldier gets a message from some witches that he would be the King of Scotland one day and would rule Scotland. Him and his impatient wife could not wait for that and took matter into their own hands and killed their king and took over and blamed the killing on some guards. When Macbeth seen that what the witch said came true, he went back to them for more information and was told that he should look out for an enemy â€Å"not born of woman† and he believed that was nonesene. Until he was sneak attacked by Malcolm and his army and when he was about to get murdered he was told by Malcolm that Malcolm was born by c-section and that he was not precisely speaking â€Å"born of woman†. So it was a very intense play for sure. The play about Macbeth that I had watch was a more modernized one it had some very createful theatrical elements. First off since the play had witches in them, the director had to come up with the way to make the witches disappear from time to time. So the director had to have a gauze curtain that was transparent. And for sound design, there was voice overs used for the witches so that it could look like they are actually talking. And the lightning was designed really well, where the goal was to inject a natural light setting. Lightning poles were set to create visual effects for the audience. As for costumes go, most of the characters at the start were wearing informs since they were in a war. The King of Scotland was wearing his silky robe which assures of how wealthy he is. Macbeth costumes changed since he went from a soldier to a self appointed King. But mostly costumes were like they were from the old medieval days. In conclusion Macbeth was a very well written play that had everything. And since I watched a modernized version, the director did very well with the theatrical elements to make it very entertaining for the audience to watch. It was a great action play that I would love to watch in a real live play.

Albert Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory Free Essays

Albert Bandura’s Social Cognitive theory is highly important in understanding the processes and elements that influence human learning. One perspective of Bandura’s theory is the innate capacity of human beings to be agents of change and human processes. With this in mind, Bandura presented some human internal and external factors that influence the process of being an agent of change. We will write a custom essay sample on Albert Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory or any similar topic only for you Order Now Social Cognitive theory, under the agentic perspective, relies on human intentions as a means to establish one’s connection to social structures based on three modes of agency: direct personal agency, proxy agency, and collective agency. These three modes of agency acknowledge the role of interdependence on how human beings will be able to manage human learning and processes that constitute life. Human agency necessitates the willingness and intentions of human beings to accomplish things through highly motivated thinking and actions. The results of an individuals’ thinking and actions under the perspective of human agency will assist individuals to undergo self-development and reconstruction in order for them to adapt to various life concerns. According to Bandura, human agency constitutes various core features: intentionality, forethought, self-reactiveness, and self-reflectiveness. Intentionality requires the willingness of human beings to do something in order to achieve desired results. Social functions give birth to desirable, mutual, and advantageous relationships if individuals are willing enough to become part of it. Collaborative activities, for instance, work out well if individuals take into account the desirable outcomes that might come out of it. Forethought complements intentionality, as it is concerned with looking and planning ahead. Bandura suggested that if forethoughts are motivating and desirable enough for individuals, then it will wield the intention of doing things that will eventually lead to its realization. For instance, an individual works with another for a cause but perceives that the relationship will be hostile and unproductive. His non-motivating view will not contribute to intentionality to invest time and effort to nurture the relationship. To continue, self-reactiveness talks about being able to motivate, but at the same time regulate oneself in terms of thinking and taking action. On the other hand, self-reflectiveness is established on the concept of introspection where one is able to evaluate actions and behaviors and determine how to fortify or change them. Aside from the core features of human agency, the three modes of agency influence the process of social cognition. Direct personal agency looks into the unswerving involvement of the individual to arrive at desired results. Intentionality, forethought, and self-reactiveness come into play to motivate individuals to influence the social structure. However, when individuals are unable to control it, they rely on proxy agency. The proxy agency constitutes other individuals or means to achieve the desired result, as the individual’s inability to influence the birth of the outcome is unperceived. Moreover, when direct personal agency and proxy agency do not seem to accomplish desired results within social structures, the collective agency gives off its value. The collective agency looks into the combined efforts to achieve goals and objectives. The collective agency relies on group functioning to harbor desired results. The nature of social structures is highly dependent on how individuals are able to perceive and establish it. At some points, social structures are reliant on the intentions, perceptions, and motivations of individuals to commit to actions and behaviors that will influence how these social structures will be shaped. Aside from the internal influences that might bear weight on the nature of social structures, modes of agencies will also affect how the process will be accomplished. Establishing social structures, under the three modes of agency, will depend on the direct influence of an individual, the dominance of other individuals and means to accomplish results, and the efficiency of group functioning to realize social structural goals and objectives. How to cite Albert Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory, Papers

Organisation Behaviour Culture and Leadership

Question: Describe about the Organisation Behaviour for Culture and Leadership. Answer: Introduction Organizational behaviour is one of the significant aspects that influence the business performance. Organizations are nothing but social systems. It is necessary for an individuals to understand how the organizations run the operations if they wish to work in them or manage them. The thesis of organization behaviour seems to be interesting as well as challenging as well. It is associated with the individuals, group of individuals working together in teams. The research of organizational behaviour relates to the expected behaviour of an employee or individual in the organization. In this context, Chhokar, Brodbeck and House (2013) commented that organizational behaviour is considered as the systematic study of human behaviour, attitude and performance within an organizational setting. The report considers the case study of XYZ Consultants to understand how changes in the organizational behaviour could influence organizational as well as employee performance. Background There have been some factors such as employee motivation, leadership and impact of personality could influence the organizational behaviour. As commented by Antonakis (2013), the individuals are not supposed to behave in the same manner in a particular work situation. It is the predictability of a leader or the manager about the expected behaviour of an individual. It is evident that the human factor is contributory to the productivity; therefore, great importance of human behaviour and the organizational behaviour needs to be attached to the report. Aim The aim of the report is apply variety of approaches to organizational behaviour and improve the human relationship within the firm. The report also focuses on exploring the relationship among different elements of organizational behaviour and its effectiveness. Scope The scope of report is under: Influence of performance or the personality Employee motivation Leadership Engagement theory Applying the engagement theory to identify motivational factors linking with the case study Kahns need satisfying approach Employee engagement is one of the significant fields in an organization that could largely influence the performance of the employees and the organization as well. In this context, Marion and Gonzales (2013) commented that the simultaneous employment as well as the expression of an individuals preferred self in a work behaviour, which promotes relation to work and to others is the known as the positive employee engagement. In this context, Greenberg and Colquitt (2013) mentioned that the employees should be engaged on a physical, emotional as well as the cognitive levels. However, these levels are meaningfully affected by three psychological domains including the meaningfulness, availability and safety. Hence, the meaningfulness is defined as the positive sense of return on investment of self in role of performance. Kahn explains psychological meaningfulness as a feeling the individual experience into work performance. As opined by Parris and Peachey (2013), the employee observe mean ingfulness, when they feel safe, useful, and valuable as well as not taken for granted. In the case study, it was studied that when Tim first started the operation he implemented an open management style, where the employees are encouraged to discuss any issues with him. In addition, the working space of the consultants were situated on the same floor. Moreover, Tim and training consultants would share a common dining area and washroom facilities. This helps to form an informal interaction between Tim and the other consultants. Most importantly, the training consultants were greatly involved in all aspects of the business. The family as well as the personal commitments of the employees were highly respected and considered before any work schedule was finalised. This shows the sense of meaningfulness, which positively influence the performance of the employees Identifying the changes reviewing the leadership style and the culture After taking over the operation, Fiona brought some changes in the organizational structure as well as the culture, which negatively influence the performance of the employees and organizational productivity decreases. Hence, Fiona follows a different leadership style unlike her father Tim. Fiona follows an autocratic leadership style, where she used to have control over all decisions and little input from the HODs. Hence, the HoD of the consultants would take the decisions employees are not involved in making the major decision of the business. However, autocratic leadership may not be effective for such small and medium enterprise where employee opinions are least heard. However, Gillet et al. (2013) argued that when decisions required to be made quickly without consulting with large group, autocratic style is effective. Organizational Justice and equity theory of motivation and discussing these two terms Equity theory-The equity theory developed by Adam includes the subtle and the variable factors that influence individuals assessment as well as the perception of the relationship with their work. Thus, while developing the organizational productivity along with employee performance, it is necessary to focus on the principles of equity theory. It helps to increase employees job satisfaction and encouragement level. While applying the theory, it is significant to focus on the balance or the imbalance that presently exists between the input as well as the output. The inputs may include effort, hard work, commitment, loyalty, skills, ability and other skills. On the contrary, other skills may include recognition, sense of achievement, reputation and responsibility, value, respect and other elements. The organizational scenario of XYZ Consultants given in the case study, indicates that Tim, to gain the output from the employees he implemented an open management style where employee opinions and values were considered. Hence, the output received from the employer in the form of organizational culture, where the employees are seen to be participating in determining their work schedules and they would consult before the work is distributed. Moreover, the personal and family commitments were valued and organization provides employee appraisal benefits as the recognition to the employees. Organizational justice- Organizational justice is referred to the employee perception of fairness in the work environment, where the perception of the employees are divided into four different categories including distributive, procedural, informational and interactional (Myhill and Bradford 2013). The distributive justice revolves around employees concern of the effective outcome they receive (Bosà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Nehles, Van Riemsdijk and Kees Looise 2013). The case study indicate that Tim maintains an effective organization culture, where employee benefits are highly considered based on which employees in return give the input. However, Fiona taking over the business, the employee benefits such as employee appraisal systems were taken off. Hence, the employees may perceive this culture as unfair judgement. On the contrary, procedural justice revolves around the fact how employees perceive fairness of the business process based on which the outcome is determined (Barrick, Mount, and L i 2013). Likewise, the interactional justice includes the fact, where the explanation or discussion are effectively communicated. For example, in XYZ consultant, Tim motivates open communication and employees could discuss anything with him. Recommending the changes to increase motivation of the employees and enhance their performance In order to increase organizational performance and employee job satisfaction, the XYZ consultant could change the leadership style and organizational culture. The organization could implement democratic leadership style in which the employees or the group of employees take more participative role in all business process including the decision making process. By applying this model, the organization could identify the potential issues of the employees that negatively affect their performance. The employees could raise the issues as democratic leadership style includes an open communication approach, in which any employee could discuss the personal issue with the leader. However, the democratic leadership could lead to communication failure and unaccomplished projects (Marion and Gonzales 2013). Conclusion On the completion of the report, it can be added that organizational culture or the behaviour play a crucial role in developing the performance of the organization and the employees. However, the discussion on equity theory indicates that inequitable comparison could result in a state of confusion and tension, which may encourage employees to restore equity. This could increase or decrease work effort and employee turnover. Reference list: Chhokar, J.S., Brodbeck, F.C. and House, R.J. eds., 2013. Culture and leadership across the world: The GLOBE book of in-depth studies of 25 societies. Routledge. Antonakis, J., 2002. House (2013), The Full-Range Leadership Theory: The Way Forward. Transformational and Charismatic Leadership: The Road Ahead 10th Anniversary Edition (Monographs in Leadership and Management, Volume 5) Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 5, pp.3-33. Marion, R. and Gonzales, L.D., 2013. Leadership in education: Organizational theory for the practitioner. Waveland Press. Parris, D.L. and Peachey, J.W., 2013. A systematic literature review of servant leadership theory in organizational contexts. Journal of business ethics, 113(3), pp.377-393. Greenberg, J. and Colquitt, J.A. eds., 2013. Handbook of organizational justice. Psychology Press. Gillet, N., Fouquereau, E., Bonnaud-Antignac, A., Mokounkolo, R. and Colombat, P., 2013. The mediating role of organizational justice in the relationship between transformational leadership and nurses quality of work life: A cross-sectional questionnaire survey. International journal of nursing studies, 50(10), pp.1359-1367. Myhill, A. and Bradford, B., 2013. Overcoming cop culture? Organizational justice and police officers' attitudes toward the public. Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies Management, 36(2), pp.338-356. Barrick, M.R., Mount, M.K. and Li, N., 2013. The theory of purposeful work behavior: The role of personality, higher-order goals, and job characteristics. Academy of Management Review, 38(1), pp.132-153. Bosà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Nehles, A.C., Van Riemsdijk, M.J. and Kees Looise, J., 2013. Employee perceptions of line management performance: applying the AMO theory to explain the effectiveness of line managers' HRM implementation. Human resource management, 52(6), pp.861-877. Marion, R. and Gonzales, L.D., 2013. Leadership in education: Organizational theory for the practitioner. Waveland Press.